The structures of industrial buildings should be designed using standardized elements of industrial production, widely using prestressed structures.
Prefabricated structures and parts should be used only when they are fully factory-ready, which excludes the need for external and internal plastering and other finishing works. Plaster is allowed to be used in cases where it is required by sanitary and hygienic or technological conditions.
Structural schemes are chosen as standard, the use of which makes it possible to maximize the unification of standard sizes of building structures and parts and provides an economic solution to buildings and structures.
The supporting structures of buildings and structures should, as a rule, be designed taking into account the possibility of completing the production of zero-cycle works before installing the frame.
The use of open metal steel structures with a fire resistance limit of 0.25 g in industrial buildings of II degree of fire resistance is allowed:
- in one-story buildings, regardless of the fire hazard category of the industries located in them;
- in multi-storey buildings with production facilities of categories D and D, when these buildings do not use flammable liquids as fuel.
In the design of steel structures, lightweight rolled sections, welded and bent sections and high strength steels should be widely used.
Structural elements of buildings and their interfaces should be designed taking into account maximum interchangeability.
The reinforced concrete frame of single-storey buildings should be taken, as a rule, in the form of frames consisting of columns clamped at the bottom and girders (trusses or beams) pivotally connected to them. The reinforced concrete frame of multi-storey buildings should
take on a frame scheme with rigid nodes. It is allowed to use a mixed structural scheme - frame in the transverse direction and tie in the longitudinal direction - with the transfer of wind and other horizontal loads in this direction to ties or pylons.
In buildings with a height of up to four floors, inclusive, with loads on interfloor floors up to 2500 kg / m2, columns, as a rule, should be on all floors of the same cross section. Exceptions can be made for the columns on the ground floor. The number of types of reinforced concrete columns of various sections in buildings with a height of more than four floors should be no more than two (not counting the columns of the first floor). Columns of workshops without cranes, as well as columns of workshops with cranes with a lifting capacity of electric general-purpose cranes of up to 125 tons inclusive and a single-tier arrangement of cranes, as well as special cranes equivalent in load to a 125-ton general-purpose crane, should be designed as prefabricated reinforced concrete.
Crane beams with spans of 6 and 12 m for electric overhead traveling cranes of general purpose of light and medium operation with a lifting capacity of up to 30 tons inclusive should, as a rule, be designed with precast reinforced concrete prestressed.
In single-storey buildings with spans of the same height, in the presence of cranes of different lifting capacity in individual spans of the building, it is recommended that the level mark of the crane console be taken constant, changing the nominal level of the crane rail head by an amount equal to the difference in the heights of the crane beams (taking into account the rail fastening) intended for cranes of different carrying capacity. In the event that the arrangement of crane rails at different levels on the same column significantly complicates the design of brake beams or trusses, it is recommended to level the crane rails using shims for crane beams.
The main typical reinforced concrete load-bearing structures (beams, trusses) of roofs with slopes and flat roofs of one-story buildings with a roof made of soft materials should be calculated for the design load 350; 450; 550; 650; 750 and 850 kg / m2.
The indicated loads do not include the dead weight of the main supporting structures.
For floors of multi-storey buildings, normative payloads should be taken equal to 500; 1000; 1500; 2000 and 2500 kg / m2.
Roofs and slabs should generally be designed without purlins using large slabs.
It is recommended to use prestressed beams for spans of up to 18 liters (inclusive) as the main load-bearing structures of building coatings, in which the device of the upper branched wiring of the communications network is not required.
In the presence of an extensive network of communications of significant dimensions, located in the structural space of the coatings, as well as in case of heavy loads on the supporting structures from the coating and overhead transport, it is recommended to use trusses.
The load-bearing structures of the coatings with a span of up to 30 m, inclusive, and under-rafter beams (trusses) with a span of 12 m, should be pre-stressed prefabricated reinforced concrete.
It is recommended to design the coverings of industrial buildings from precast prestressed reinforced concrete slabs. In buildings with a pitch of supporting structures of 12 m, reinforced concrete slabs with dimensions of 3 X 12 m and additional ones - 1.5 X 12 m should be used. 1.5 x 6 l, and also use lightweight concrete slabs. For non-insulated coatings, where it is allowed by operating conditions, asbestos-cement corrugated sheets of a reinforced profile should be used, and in other cases, reinforced concrete slabs.
Supporting structures for technological and auxiliary equipment, including stack structures, must be designed prefabricated. In all possible cases, the equipment should be installed on its own foundations, using the bearing capacity of the equipment itself.
When designing the walls of industrial buildings, the following should be followed:
- height and length of prefabricated wall elements must be multiples of 600 mm; non-insulated walls - from sheet materials (for example, from reinforced asbestos-cement sheets) and from pre-stressed reinforced concrete panels 12 or 6 m long;
for walls of heated buildings, with the exception of buildings with a wet indoor regime, use panels of lightweight concrete and asbestos cement with an effective insulation;
- for walls of heated buildings with a wet internal regime of premises, use reinforced concrete two-, three-layer panels with an effective insulation protected by a vapor barrier.
The walls of industrial buildings should be designed, as a rule, panel. The use of brickwork should be limited to only buildings with a volume of 5,000 m3 or less, depending on local conditions. For buildings with panel walls, it is allowed to use brickwork for the basement, when in the lower part of the building it is necessary to provide for a large number of openings for various purposes (for example, gates, doors and openings for the passage of engineering communications), as well as for buildings with walls made of asbestos-cement sheets. The dimensions of the panels in height should be taken as 1.2 m or more, multiples of 0.6 m. The use of panels with heights of 1.2 and 1.8 m is recommended.
The bottom of the first panel in height must, as a rule, be aligned with the level mark of the finished floor of the building.
Buildings with panel walls should, as a rule, be solved with the use of strip glazing with a height of 0.6 m.
Construction solutions and structural elements of buildings should ensure the possibility of rational placement of artificial lighting fixtures.
Industrial buildings should be designed with roofless roofs. Attics are allowed to be designed as an exception in cases caused by production requirements.
Open technological openings in ceilings intended for vertical movement of goods should be fenced. The fence must be at least 900 mm high and at a height of at least 150 mm from the floor - solid.
Platforms and technological openings in the interfloor ceilings of premises intended for the storage or use of flammable or combustible liquids must be fenced with bumpers of at least 150 mm in height made of non-combustible materials. In the doorways of these premises, ramps with a height of at least 150 mm should be arranged.
Along the outer walls of buildings, blind areas should be provided with a width exceeding the removal of the cornice by 200 mm, but not less than 500 mm with a slope of 0.03-0.1 directed from the walls of the buildings.
In the case of laying foundations on subsiding soils, the width of the blind area for buildings with a height of up to 8 m without an organized drainage of water from the roofs must be at least 1.5 liters. For taller buildings, the width of the blind area must be increased by 0.25 m for every 4 m of the building height, but not more than up to 5 m. With an organized drainage of water from the roofs of buildings up to 8 m high, it is allowed to reduce the width of the blind area to 0.75 - 1 m.